6DD2920-0AR1 Transformer Module. Siemens, Simadyn D series. Parts available for purchase or repair. Contact Powergenics with questions or a quote request. The sixth habit of Stephen Covey’s “The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People” is to synergize. In basic terms, synergy means that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. If the sum “1+1 = 3” seems familiar, this is what it’s about. Habitify is a habit tracker that helps you form habits that actually stick. It’s designed to motivate you every day and reward you with beautiful streaks. Other awards:. New App We Love' - Apple (2018). #2 Product of The Day' - Product Hunt (2018). FEATURES 1. Habit Areas Group your habits by time or by different areas of your life.
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Conversion and calculation − cross section < > diameter
● Cable diameter to circle cross-sectional areaand vice versa ●
Round electric cable, conductor, wire, cord, string,wiring, and rope
Cross section is just a two-dimensional view of a slice through an object. An often asked question: How can you convert the diameter of a round wire d = 2 × r to the circle cross section surface or the cross-section area A (slice plane) to the cable diameter d? Why is the diameter value greater than the area value? Because that's not the same. Resistance varies inversely with the cross-sectional area of a wire.
The required cross-section of an electrical line depends on the following factors: 1) Rated voltage. Net form. (Three-phase (DS) / AC (WS)) 2) Fuse - Upstream backup = Maximum permissible current (Amp) 3) On schedule to be transmittedpower (kVA) 4) Cable length in meters (m) 5) Permissible voltage drop (% of the rated voltage) 6) Line material. Copper (Cu) or aluminum (Al)
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The 'unit' is usually millimeters but it can also be inches, feet, yards, meters (metres), or centimeters, when you take for the area the square of that measure.
Litz wire (stranded wire) consisting of many thin wires need a 14 % larger diameter compared to a solid wire.
Cross sectional area is not diameter.
Cross section is an area. Diameter is a linear measure. That cannot be the same.
The cable diameter in millimeters is not the cable cross-section in square millimeters.
The cross section or the cross sectional area is the area of such a cut. It need not necessarily have to be a circle.
Calculation of the cross section A, entering the diameter d = 2 r: r = radius of the wire or cable d = 2 r = diameter of the wire or cable
Calculation of the diameter d = 2 r, entering the cross section A:
The conductor (electric cable)
There are four factors that affect the resistance of a conductor: 1) the cross sectional area of a conductor A, calculated from the diameter d 2) the length of the conductor 3) the temperature in the conductor 4) the material constituting the conductor
There is no exact formula for the minimum wire size from the maximum amperage. It depends on many circumstances, such as for example, if the calculation is for DC, AC or even for three-phase current, whether the cable is released freely, or is placed under the ground. Also, it depends on the ambient temperature, the allowable current density, and the allowable voltage drop, and whether solid or litz wire is present. And there is always the nice but unsatisfactory advice to use for security reasons a thicker and hence more expensive cable. Common questions are about the voltage drop on wires.
Voltage drop Δ V
The voltage drop formula with the specific resistance (resistivity) ρ (rho) is:
Δ V = I × R = I × (2 × l × ρ/ A)
I = Current in ampere l = Wire (cable) length in meters (times 2, because there is always a return wire) ρ = rho, electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance or volume resistivity) of copper = 0.01724 ohm×mm2/m (also Ω×m) (Ohms for l = 1 m length and A = 1 mm2 cross section area of the wire)ρ = 1 / σ A = Cross section area in mm2 σ = sigma, electrical conductivity (electrical conductance) of copper = 58 S·m/mm2
Quantity of resistance
R = resistance
Ω
ρ = specific resistance
Ω×m
l = double length of the cable
m
A = cross section
mm2
The derived SI unit of electrical resistivity ρ is Ω ×m, shortened from the clear Ω ×mm² / m. The reciprocal of electrical resistivity is electrical conductivity.
Electrical conductivity and electrical resistivity κ or σ = 1/ρ Electrical conductance and electrical resistance ρ = 1/κ = 1/σ
Electrical conductor
Electrical conductivity Electrical conductance
Electrical resistivity Specific resistance
silver
σ = 62 S·m/mm²
ρ = 0.0161 Ohm∙mm²/m
copper
σ = 58 S·m/mm²
ρ = 0.0172 Ohm∙mm²/m
gold
σ= 41 S·m/mm²
ρ = 0.0244 Ohm∙mm²/m
aluminium
σ = 36 S·m/mm²
ρ = 0.0277 Ohm∙mm²/m
constantan
σ= 2.0 S·m/mm²
ρ = 0.5000 Ohm∙mm²/m
Difference between electrical resistivity and electrical conductivity
The conductance in siemens is the reciprocal of the resistance in ohms.
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To use the calculator, simply enter a value. The calculator works in both directions of the ↔ sign.
The value of the electrical conductivity (conductance) and the specific electrical resistance (resistivity) is a temperature dependent material constant. Mostly it is given at 20 or 25°C.
Resistance = resistivity x length / area
The specific resistivity of conductors changes with temperature. In a limited temperature range it is approximately linear: where α is the temperature coefficient, T is the temperature and T0 is any temperature, such as T0 = 293.15 K = 20°C at which the electrical resistivity ρ (T0) is known.
Convert resistance to electrical conductance Conversion of reciprocal siemens to ohms 1 ohm [Ω] = 1 / siemens [1/S] 1 siemens [S] = 1 / ohm [1/Ω]
To use the calculator, simply enter a value. The calculator works in both directions of the ↔ sign.
1 millisiemens = 0.001 mho = 1000 ohms
Mathematically, conductance is the reciprocal, or inverse, of resistance: The symbol for conductance is the capital letter 'G' and the unit is the mho, which is 'ohm' spelled backwards. Later, the unit mho was replaced by the unit Siemens − abbreviated with the letter 'S'.
Table of typical loudspeaker cables
Cable diameter d
0.798 mm
0.977 mm
1.128 mm
1.382 mm
1.784 mm
2.257 mm
2.764 mm
3.568 mm
Cable nominal cross section A
0.5 mm2
0.75 mm2
1.0 mm2
1.5 mm2
2.5 mm2
4.0 mm2
6.0 mm2
10.0 mm2
Maximum electrical current
3 A
7.6 A
10.4 A
13.5 A
18.3 A
25 A
32 A
-
Always consider, the cross section must be made larger with higher power and higher length of the cable, but also with lesser impedance. Sprite lamp 1 0 download free. Here is a table to tell the possible power loss.
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Cable length in m
Section in mm2
Resistance in ohm
Power loss at
Damping factor at
Impedance 8 ohm
Impedance 4 ohm
Impedance 8 ohm
Impedance 4 ohm
1
0.75
0.042
0.53%
1.05%
98
49
1.50
0.021
0.31%
0.63%
123
62
2.50
0.013
0.16%
0.33%
151
75
4.00
0.008
0.10%
0.20%
167
83
2
0.75
0.084
1.06%
2.10%
65
33
1.50
0.042
0.62%
1.26%
85
43
2.50
0.026
0.32%
0.66%
113
56
4.00
0.016
0.20%
0.40%
133
66
5
0.75
0.210
2.63%
5.25%
32
16
1.50
0.125
1.56%
3.13%
48
24
2.50
0.065
0.81%
1.63%
76
38
4.00
0.040
0.50%
1.00%
100
50
10
0.75
0.420
5.25%
10.50%
17
9
1.50
0.250
3.13%
6.25%
28
14
2.50
0.130
1.63%
3.25%
47
24
4.00
0.080
1.00%
2.00%
67
33
20
0.75
0.840
10.50%
21.00%
9
5
1.50
0.500
6.25%
12.50%
15
7
2.50
0.260
3.25%
6.50%
27
13
4.00
0.160
2.00%
4.00%
40
20
The damping factor values show, what remains of an accepted damping factor of 200 depending on the cable length, the cross section, and the impedance of the loudspeaker. Conversion and calculation of cable diameter to AWG and AWG to cable diameter in mm - American Wire Gauge
The gauges we most commonly use are even numbers, such as 18, 16, 14, etc. If you get an answer that is odd, such as 17, 19, etc., use the next lower even number.
AWG stands for American Wire Gauge and refers to the strength of wires. These AWG numbers show the diameter and accordingly the cross section as a code. They are only used in the USA. Sometimes you find AWG numbers also in catalogues and technical data in Europe.
American Wire Gauge - AWG Chart
AWG number
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
Diameter in inch
0.0016
0.0018
0.0020
0.0022
0.0024
0.0027
0.0031
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0056
0.0063
Diameter (Ø) in mm
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.13
0.14
0.16
Cross section in mm2
0.0013
0.0016
0.0020
0.0025
0.0029
0.0037
0.0049
0.0062
0.0081
0.010
0.013
0.016
0.020
AWG number
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
Diameter in inch
0.0071
0.0079
0.0089
0.0100
0.0113
0.0126
0.0142
0.0159
0.0179
0.0201
0.0226
0.0253
0.0285
Diameter (Ø) in mm
0.18
0.20
0.23
0.25
0.29
0.32
0.36
0.40
0.45
0.51
0.57
0.64
0.72
Cross section in mm2
0.026
0.032
0.040
0.051
0.065
0.080
0.10
0.13
0.16
0.20
0.26
0.32
0.41
AWG number
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
Diameter in inch
0.0319
0.0359
0.0403
0.0453
0.0508
0.0571
0.0641
0.0719
0.0808
0.0907
0.1019
0.1144
0.1285
Diameter (Ø) in mm
0.81
0.91
1.02
1.15
1.29
1.45
1.63
1.83
2.05
2.30
2.59
2.91
3.26
Cross section in mm2
0.52
0.65
0.82
1.0
1.3
1.7
2.1
2.6
3.3
4.2
5.3
6.6
8.4
AWG number
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0 (1/0) (0)
00 (2/0) (-1)
000 (3/0) (-2)
0000 (4/0) (-3)
00000 (5/0) (-4)
000000 (6/0) (-5)
Diameter in inch
0.1443
0.1620
0.1819
0.2043
0.2294
0.2576
0.2893
0.3249
0.3648
0.4096
0.4600
0.5165
0.5800
Diameter (Ø) in mm
3.67
4.11
4.62
5.19
5.83
6.54
7.35
8.25
9.27
10.40
11.68
13.13
14.73
Cross section in mm2
10.6
13.3
16.8
21.1
26.7
33.6
42.4
53.5
67.4
85.0
107.2
135.2
170.5
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The sixth habit of Stephen Covey’s “The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People” is to synergize. Cisdem pdfmanagerultimate 3 2 0t. In basic terms, synergy means that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. If the sum “1+1 = 3” seems familiar, this is what it’s about. Covey tells us that when properly understood, synergy is the highest activity in all life. He draws a parallel to nature where synergy is everywhere. “If you plant two plants close together, the roots comingle and improve the quality of the soil so that both plants will grow better than if they were separated”.
Properly understanding synergy
The essence of synergy is to value and respect differences, to build on strengths and to compensate for weaknesses. The author says that many of us haven’t actually experienced synergy in our family lives or in other interactions. We’ve been shaped into defensive and protective communications or into believing that life or other people can’t be trusted. Therefore, we have a tendency to not open up to this highly effective principle which “requires enormous personal security and openness and a spirit of adventure”.
Synergy and communication
Below are 3 different levels of communication and the level of trust that is associated to each:
Defensive communication is ofthe lowest level and comes out of low-trust situations. It’s characterised by defensiveness, protectiveness and legalistic language which prepares for the eventuality that things may go wrong, that people may become resentful. Such communication isn’t effective and produces only Win/Lose or Lose/Lose outcomes.
Respectful communication is characterised by honesty, authenticity and respect which produces a low form of Win/Win, a compromise where 1+1 = 1½.
Synergistic communication means that 1+1 may equal 8, 16 or even 1’600. The situation produced is better than any originally proposed.
Covey says that even if there are circumstances in which synergy is not achievable and “No Deal” isn’t viable, the spirit of sincere trying will usually result in a more effective compromise.
The essence of synergy: valuing the differences
Mental, emotional and psychological differences between us mean that we see the world not as it is, but as we are. Recognising our own perceptual limitations and appreciating the rich resources available through the interaction with other human beings takes humility and reverence. Covey illustrates the point that two people can disagree and both be right with an illustration similar to this one:
What do you see in this picture?
Whilst some of us see a duck others will see a rabbit. We’re both looking at the same picture, and both of us are right. We see the same black and white lines but we interpret them differently because we’ve been conditioned to interpret them differently. And the author says that “unless we value the differences in our perceptions, unless we value each other and give credence to the possibility that we’re both right, that life is not always a dichotomous either/or, that there are almost always third alternatives, we will never be able to transcend the limits of that conditioning”. When we see only two alternatives – ours and the “wrong” one – we can look for a synergistic third alternative. According to Covey there’s almost always a third alternative, and if we work with a Win/Win philosophy (Habit 4: Think Win/Win) and really seek to understand (Habit 5: Seek first to understand, then to be understood), we can usually find a solution that will be better for everyone concerned.
Application suggestions:
Habitify 6 0 16
Make a list of people who irritate you. Do they represent different views that could lead to synergy if you had greater intrinsic security and valued the difference?
The next time you have a disagreement or confrontation with someone, attempt to understand the concerns underlying that person’s position. Address those concerns in a creative and mutually beneficial way.
Habitify 6 0 15
Next week: the last habit of the series, Habit 7: Sharpen the saw